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DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Augercast Piles
Augercast piles are smaller diameter, cast-in-place deep foundation elements. They can vary in diameter from 12 to 48 inches and are most efficient in granular or incohesive soil and/or high water tables. Augercast piles can be installed quickly with minimal disturbance in noise and vibration. They can be designed as end-bearing, friction or a combination of both depending on the soil properties and proximity to rock. Augercast piles are installed by rotating a hollow stem, continuous flight auger into the earth to the designed depth. Structural grout is then pumped through the hollow stem as the auger is slowly withdrawn. Once the hole is pumped full of grout, reinforcement can be placed.
Drilled Piers
Drilled piers, also known as drilled shafts or caissons, are high capacity, cast-in-place deep foundation elements. They can vary in diameter from 24 to 144 inches and can be installed in a wide range of soil and rock conditions.Drilled piers are installed by advancing an auger / drill tool to the required depth using open hole, casing, or slurry techniques. Once the desired tip elevation has been achieved, the drilled pier reinforcement is set in place and the drilled shaft is filled with concrete.
Driven Piles
Driven piles are a deep foundation element that is a pre-manufactured structural shape and can provide a wide range of capacities. There are a variety of driven pile types, including h-piles and pipe piles. Driven piles provide excellent quality control because they can be physically inspected prior to installation and during installation. Driven piles are installed using an impact or vibratory hammer.
Drop Shafts
A drop shaft is an underground vertical or inclined passageway. Drop shafts are constructed for a number of reasons, including the ventilation of a tunnel or underground structure, as a drop shaft for a sewerage or a water/service tunnel or for access to a tunnel or underground structure, which can also be used as an escape route.Shafts can be sunk either dry, or for methods such as the caisson method, they can be sunk using a slurry method.
Micropiles
Micropiles, also known as pin piles or minipiles, are small diameter, high capacity deep foundation elements. They can vary in diameter from 4 to 10 inches. Due to its minimal disturbance and small installation footprint they can be designed for both new construction and for existing structures.Micropiles are installed by advancing a casing through the overburden material by flushing the cuttings with the aid of water or air. If applicable, once the casing has been advanced to rock, the designed rock socket is excavated utilizing a down-the-hole hammer. Once the excavation is complete, the reinforced bar is placed and cement grout is pumped.
EARTH RETENTION
Integrated Wall Solutions
Integrated wall solutions combine that of permanent earth retention systems and in-situ concrete placement or the use of precast concrete panels. The first is to pour the liquid concrete material into forms against the existing PERS (Permanent Earth Retention System); this is so-called in-situ concrete. The other method used is called precase concrete, in which panels of specific size are manufactured in a central plant and later brought to the job site for fast, clean assembly. Common applications of integrated wall solutions include; highway (DOT), railroad, retaining walls, bridge approaches and abutments.
Landslide Remediation
Slopes and embankments frequently experience settlement, stability and erosion problems. Richard Goettle, Inc. offers various solutions to these problems. From landslides to construction cuts into hillsides, remediation or an earth retaining structure is required to maintain the slopes’ stability.Ground anchors, micro piles, anchored reaction blocks, and anchored retaining walls are all stability solutions that not only reinforce the soil but also control erosion. Anchored reaction blocks are ideal for newly failed slopes, applying loads to stabilize the soil. Ground anchors and micro piles create a stabilized ground reinforcement system which resists the driving forces of the slope. Anchored Retaining Walls are ground modification systems that include drilled or driven vertical elements that extend below potential failure planes. Drilled and grouted tieback anchors provide additional stabilization forces.
Sheet Piles
When the retained soil cannot be de-watered, a sheet pile earth retention system is an effective solution. Sheet piles are steel sections in a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes – all with the ability to interlock with one another forming a continuous, watertight wall. The sheets are driven or vibrated into the ground. Cantilever walls are typical, but the sheet piles can be laterally braced to suit the specific needs of the work site. Being manufactured from steel, they offer a high strength material with excellent quality control.
Shotcrete & Soil Nailing
A soil nail wall is constructed from the top – down, excavating in lifts of about five feet. At each lift, a soil reinforcement element – a soil nail – is installed and shotcrete is applied to the exposed earth face. This process continues to the required depth. Once completed, a reinforced soil mass is in place to resist the lateral earth forces. This type of earth retention can follow nearly any alignment and can be constructed in any type of soil that can stand vertically for five feet for a work shift. Soil nailing employs relatively small installation equipment and is well suited for close quarters.
Soldier Pile & Lagging
Soldier pile and wood lagging is a widely used and effective earth retention system. Soldier piles are drilled or driven at regular intervals along the perimeter of the excavation. Once the excavation starts, wood lagging is installed to maintain the excavated face. Soldier pile walls can cantilever or be laterally braced to suit the specific needs of the project.
Tangent & Secant Wall
When an excavation takes place next to an existing structure, a secant or tangent pile wall can be an excellent solution. Tangent / secant walls are a series of interlinking or adjacent concrete drilled piers or piles installed along the perimeter of the excavation. This method of earth retention not only allows for a high degree of alignment flexibility, it provides a structurally stiff wall, which minimizes settlement concerns of the adjacent structures.
GROUND MODIFICATION
Displacement Piles
TBD content for displacement piles
Rigid Inclusions
Rigid inclusions is a ground improvement technique that is typically performed on very soft and compressible soils. Rigid inclusions is a method that constructs support columns in-place underground by pouring concrete, or similar mixtures, down into shafts created by soil displacement techniques.
Soil Anchors
A soil anchor is a device designed to support a structure and is used in geotechnical and construction applications. Also known as a ground anchor, percussion driven earth anchor, or mechanical anchor, it may be impact driven into the ground or run in spirally, depending on its design and intended force-resistance characteristics.Soil anchors are used in both temporary or permanent applications, including supporting retaining walls and stabilization. Once installed and load-locked, and earth anchor exerts effort to the soil above it, with the soil in turn providing resistance.
Stabilization & Underpinning
When new construction is taking place directly adjacent to an existing structure, generally an underpinning system is necessary. Goettle has the ability to design and construct an underpinning system that will keep those existing structures safe, sound, and secure. Through traditional and shotcrete underpinning, we are able to temporarily support existing structures. Using traditional underpinning, soil is excavated from underneath the footers and replaced with concrete. If necessary, anchors are installed to resist lateral movement.Our shotcrete underpinning system supports the existing structures but in a less obstructive manner. Soil is excavated only from the edge the footer down to the required depth and shotcrete is sprayed onto the cut to secure the soil in place. Anchors are then installed to secure the soil mass and support the structure.
Underpinning
When new construction is taking place directly adjacent to an existing structure, generally an underpinning system is necessary. Goettle has the ability to design and construct an underpinning system that will keep those existing structures safe, sound, and secure. Through traditional and shotcrete underpinning, we are able to temporarily support existing structures. Using traditional underpinning, soil is excavated from underneath the footers and replaced with concrete. If necessary, anchors are installed to resist lateral movement.Our shotcrete underpinning system supports the existing structures but in a less obstructive manner. Soil is excavated only from the edge the footer down to the required depth and shotcrete is sprayed onto the cut to secure the soil in place. Anchors are then installed to secure the soil mass and support the structure.
MARINE CONSTRUCTION
Braced Cofferdams
When your construction operations take place in or near the water, a cofferdam is a simple solution. Cofferdams are watertight structures designed to facilitate construction projects in areas which are normally submerged. Sheet piles are driven into soil or to rock, using equipment on land or on a barge. A bracing system is installed to resist lateral loads, and a dewatering system is used to remove the water in order to allow the construction to proceed.
Cellular Cofferdams
When the excavation is large and a single wall braced cofferdam is impractical, cellular cofferdams can be an effective solution. They are a series of interlinked sheet pile cells filled with free-draining granular material. Using its width and mass, cellular cofferdams are designed as a gravity structure to resist lateral forces.
Open Cell Technology
Goettle has been utilizing open Sheet Pile Technology in open cell bulkheads for typically land based operations, primarily used for waterfront structures for over 50 years. They include flat sheet piles, wye connectors and anchor piles. When completed, the finished structure is seen as a series of U-shapes when viewed from above. These structures provide high performance with minimal sheet pile toe embedment, providing a cost effective marine construction solution.
River Mooring Cells
When your construction operations take place in or near the water, a cofferdam is a simple solution. Cofferdams are watertight structures designed to facilitate construction projects in areas which are normally submerged. Sheet piles are driven into soil or to rock, using equipment on land or on a barge. A bracing system is installed to resist lateral loads, and a dewatering system is used to remove the water in order to allow the construction to proceed.
GROUTING
Asphalt & Hot Bituminous
Bituminous grouting is also known as asphalt grouting. This grouting technique involves the injection of an asphalt material (similar to roofing tar). The method is almost exclusively used for stopping large inflows (generally greater than 1,000 gpm), although may be used in applications where its elasticity in the cured state is desirable. Bituminous grouting is generally used where void size or water flow is too great to allow other grouting methods to work due to grout washout. The advantage of bituminous grout is that as the hot bitumen is pumped into the ground, eventually, a leading edge of cured, elastic bitumen forms. Additionally grout fills the cured leading edge and expands the grout mass, similar to inflating a balloon. The leading edge forms a protective layer, keeping additional grout from being washed out. Eventually, the mass will grow large enough to either fill the void space available at the injection point, creating a seal within the void.Bituminous grouting applications are most often associated with mining operations such as quarries or with dams which are experiencing large volumes of seepage. Goettle has the capability to design and place bituminous grouts based on the project requirements.
Compaction & Cap Grouting
Compaction grouting is the process of injecting a low mobility, low slump grout to improve the density of loose, granular soils. The grout is injected through the inside of a drill pipe that is slowly removed in lifts as the specified pressure or volume is met. As each zone is pressurized the surrounding soils densify and create a grout column surrounding the drill pipe. This type of grouting is typically performed in conjunction with Cap grouting to remediate the effects of sinkholes and repair the damaged overburden soils in Karst conditions. Cap grouting is the process of injecting a cement-based grout and creating a cap over a sinkhole void to prevent further soil loss.
Compensation Grouting
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Consolidation Grouting
Consolidation grouting is a general term for grouting that is carried out within a rock mass with the intent of filling rock mass discontinuities. The process involves injecting a grout material to fill the discontinuities, which are the pathways through which fluids or gases migrate in most rocks. With grout filling the rock discontinuities, the hydraulic gradient is reduced as the liquids or gases move through the grout, ultimately reducing or stopping migration. The following grouting operations often employ consolidation grouting:Pre-excavation GroutingGrout CurtainFoundation GroutingWater Cut-Off GroutingSuccessful implementation of a consolidation grouting program is contingent on development of an appropriate drilling program along with choosing a grout that is amenable to the rock mass discontinuities.We have performed consolidation grouting on numerous projects in many varying geologies. Typical projects include pre-excavation grout curtains for shafts, foundation grouting/grout curtains for dams, pre-excavation grouting for shafts, drifts, and tunnels, and water cutoff grouting for underground operations. Key in our successful completion of these projects has been our ability to configure equipment for proper drilling access and our ability to apply all types of grout.
Contact Grouting
Contact grouting involves the filling of void space between a cast-in-place (CIP) structure and the in-situ geo-material or another structure. It may be similar to annular space grouting, however, when contact grouting, normally the extent of the void space is not known. Generally, the intent of contact grouting is to increase the structural integrity of the structure. Contact grouting is often done in association with CIP liners for tunnels, shafts, mine plugs, etc.Contact grouting may be necessary for numerous reasons, but the primary function is to ensure intimate contact of a CIP structure and the host material. Examples of where contact grouting may be used include the following:Within pressure tunnels to prevent expansion of the tunnel liner under pressureAround bulkheads and mine plugs to ensure contact with the surrounding rockTo ensure a minimum thickness of liner is achieved in any cast in place liner systemWithin sewer tunnels to prevent sulfate attack of concrete liners from behind the linerThe term contact grouting does not define the type of grout used. Many contact grouting programs are accomplished using ordinary Portland cement grouts; however, based on the void characteristics and the intent of the grouting program, microfine cements or chemical grouts may be…
Difficult Access Drilling
Goettle performs drilling in support of its grouting services as well as performing standalone drilling projects. Our drilling experience includes top drive rotary percussive, top drive rotary, down-hole-hammer, wire-line core drilling, and thinwall core drilling. Our drillers have performed drilling up to several thousand feet in depth and up to 18 inches in hole diameter. Typical applications for our drilling services include:Instrumentation installation (piezometers, inclinometers, etc.)Site characterizationExploratory DrillingGallery drain hole drilling and cleaningMany of Goettle’s drilling projects involve difficult access. When Owners, General Contractors, or other Drilling Contractors can’t figure out how to get holes in required locations, they often call on Goettle. Goettle’s ability to perform these projects relies on three factors: we have experienced personnel who can safely establish site access structures, we have equipment that can be utilized in restricted access areas, or we have the capability to modify or build equipment to suite the access restrictions. Our personnel have performed drilling operations in structures with less than 5 ft of working room and thousands of feet from power and personnel access. We commonly performed work within dam galleries, on dam faces and spillways, and within tunnels and adits of all sizes.
Low Mobility / Void Filling
Many people use the term “Chemical Grouting” to refer to any grouting technique that is performed with chemical grouts. However, this can be confusing due to the large number of chemical grouts available and the numerous grouting techniques for which they can be utilized. Generally, chemical grouts may be applicable for any type of grouting technique (structural, permeation, consolidation). The decision to use a chemical grout should be based on the advantages of the chemical grout over cementitious grouts, as the material cost is generally higher. Common types of chemical grouts and typical applications follow:POLYURETHANE GROUTSThere are a large number of polyurethane grouts on the market, each of which has specific properties which have been designed to address various situations associated with their intended use. However, polyurethane’s greatest advantage is a short set time (on the order of seconds). This, along with other characteristics, often makes it the preferred choice when performing water cutoff grouting. It is often used to seal off rock faces, concrete, or other leaking structures. Additionally, polyurethane is used in permeation grouting to provide bearing capacity improvements, in structural applications, or to fill large voids (due to some formulations expansive characteristics).SODIUM SILICATESSodium silicate grouts are generally…
Permeation Grouting
Permeation grouting is a general term for grouting that is carried out to fill pervasive void space inherent to the formation of the material being grouted. Generally, this type of grouting is done within soil, however, also may be applied to consolidated materials, such as poorly cemented sedimentary formations.The intent of the grouting is to fill void space (primarily intergranular) within the medium being grouted. Grouting may be done either to improve the soil structure or to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the soil or rock. Grouting to improve soil structure is often done prior to excavations to act as support of excavation, improve stand up time, or reduce settlement. Soil structure may also be improved to increase bearing capacity. Hydraulic conductivity applications may be undertaken any time a reduction in gas or liquid inflow or migration is required. Permeation grouting is generally carried out in defined zones utilizing sleeve ports (also known as tube-a-manchettes) installed into soil or isolated intervals within rock. This method allows the grout to be injected at a specified location.Permeation grouting is commonly utilized for the following applications:Pre-excavation grouting for excavations in soil or poorly cemented sedimentary rockTo improve excavation conditions at portals, shallow shafts,…
Structural Grouting
Structural grouting is done to improve the performance of manmade constructions. Structural grouting is commonly done in tunnels and underground structures where areas are mined, a structure is built, and the void between the structure and the mined material needs to be filled (contact grouting). Additionally, structural grouting may be done within a structure to fill cracks or correct structural deficiencies. Typical grouting programs that are done for structural reasons include:Contact groutingModified contact grouting (combined with inflow reduction)Annular space groutingBackfill groutingPreplaced aggregate groutingGrouting to correct cracking or concrete defectsRehabilitation of tunnels, penstocks, and damsMany structural grouting applications are unique. The projects require special grout formulations designed to perform specific tasks under specific circumstances. We have the experience to formulate grouts which can deal with these conditions as well as in-house testing capabilities to verify that the required performance characteristics have been met during grout trials and on the job site. Additionally, many of the projects require operational plans and equipment specific to the task at hand. We have the capability of assessing each grouting situation and providing unique grouting solutions.
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